Preheat oven to 350°F. Lightly grease a large, rimmed 12x18-inch baking sheet (aka a half sheet pan).
In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, sugar, baking soda, and salt. Set aside.
2 cups (282g) all-purpose flour, 2 cups (400g) granulated sugar, 1 teaspoon baking soda, 1/2 teaspoon table salt
In a saucepan over medium heat, combine the water, butter, and cocoa powder and bring to a boil, stirring to make sure there are no lumps.
1 cup (240g) water, 1 cup (227g) salted butter, 6 Tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder
Pour the chocolate mixture over the dry ingredients and stir until combined.
Add the buttermilk (or sour cream, see note), eggs, and vanilla, and mix until combined. You can do this with a hand mixer to make sure there are no lumps.
1/2 cup (120g) buttermilk*, 2 large eggs, 1 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
Pour the batter into the prepared pan and spread in an even layer. Bake for 18-20 minutes until the cake springs back lightly to the touch and has barely started to pull away from the sides of the pan. Do not overbake!